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''Pinus peuce'' (Macedonian pine) (Macedonian: Молика, Molika) is a species of pine native to the mountains of Macedonia, Bulgaria, Albania, Montenegro, Kosovo, the extreme southwest of Serbia, and the extreme north of Greece,〔Farjon, A. (2005). ''Pines. Drawings and descriptions of the genus Pinus'', ed.2. Brill, Leiden ISBN 90-04-13916-8.〕〔Gymnosperm Database (''Pinus peuce'' )〕〔Critchfield, W. B., & Little, E. L. (1966). Geographic distribution of the pines of the World. ''U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Misc. Publ''. 991.〕 growing typically at (600-) 1,000-2,200 (-2,300) m altitude. It often reaches the alpine tree line in this area. The mature size is up to 35–40 m height, and 1.5 m trunk diameter.〔〔 It is a member of the white pine group, ''Pinus'' subgenus ''Strobus'', and like all members of that group, the leaves ('needles') are in fascicles (bundles) of five, with a deciduous sheath. They are 6–11 cm long. Its pine cones are mostly 8–16 cm long, occasionally up to 20 cm long, green at first, becoming yellow-brown when mature, with broad, flat to downcurved scales. The 6–7 mm long seeds have a 2 cm wing and can be wind-dispersed, but are also very often dispersed by spotted nutcrackers.〔〔 Like other European and Asian white pines, Macedonian pine is very resistant to white pine blister rust (''Cronartium ribicola'').〔Søegaard, B. (1972). Relative blister rust resistance of native and introduced white pines in Europe. Pages 233–239 in Bingham, R. T. et al., eds. Biology of Rust Resistance in Forest Trees. ''U.S. Dept. of Agriculture Forest Service Misc. Publ''. 1221.〕〔Popnikola, N., M. Jovancevic, and M. Vidakovic. 1978. Genetics of Pinus peuce Gris. ''Annales Forestales'' 7/6: 187-206.〕 This fungal disease was accidentally introduced from Europe into North America, where it has caused severe mortality in the American native white pines (e.g. western white pine, sugar pine, whitebark pine) in many areas. Macedonian pine is of great value for research into hybridisation and genetic modification to develop rust resistance in these species; hybrids with eastern white pine inherit some resistance.〔 Macedonian pine is also a popular ornamental tree in parks and large gardens, giving reliable steady though not fast growth on a wide range of sites. It is very tolerant of severe winter cold, hardy down to at least -45°C, and also of wind exposure. It is locally naturalised Punkaharju in eastern Finland.〔 Synonyms include ''Pinus cembra'' var. ''fruticosa'' Griseb., ''Pinus excelsa'' var. ''peuce'' (Griseb.) Beissn.,〔Farjon, A. 1998. ''World Checklist and Bibliography of Conifers''. Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew. 300 p. ISBN 1-900347-54-7.〕 ''Pinus peuce'' var. ''vermiculata'' Christ,〔 and Balkan pine.〔Dirr, M. (1997). ''Dirr's Hardy trees and shrubs: an illustrated encyclopedia''. Timber Press ISBN 978-0-88192-404-6, page. 282〕 File:Pinus peuce Habitus BotGardBln0906.jpg|Cultivated specimen, Berlin Botanical Gardens File:Pinus peuce cones.jpg|Foliage and cones ==References== 〔 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Pinus peuce」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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